Turkey spends around 55 billion TRY on research and development in 2020

Turkey spends around 55 billion TRY on research and development in 2020

Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) increased 9 billion 3 million TRY and reached 54 billion 957 million TRY in 2020, the Turkish Statistical Institute said in a statement on Tuesday.

While the share of GERD in GDP was 1.06% in 2019, it was realized as 1.09% of 5 trillion 46 billion 883 million TRY GDP in 2020, according to the statement.

The most R&D expenditure was in financial and non-financial corporations

The financial and non-financial corporations had the largest share in R&D expenditures with 64.8%, followed by higher education with 28.4%. The share of general government R&D expenditures, including R&D expenditures made by the private non-profit sector, in total R&D expenditures was 6.8%. Among the R&D expenditures, personnel expenditures constituted the largest expenditure item with 52.8%.

Financial and non-financial corporations ranked first with 57.2% in R&D funding in 2020

The share of R&D expenditure funded by financial and non-financial corporations was 57.2% of GERD in 2020. This was followed by the general government by 28.4%, higher education by 12.3%, foreign funds by 2.0%, and other national sources by 0.1% respectively.

199 thousand 371 R&D personnel were employed in terms of full-time equivalent (FTE)

The total number of FTE R&D personnel was 199 thousand 371 in 2020. Regarding FTE R&D personnel distribution by sectors, 65.3% was employed in financial and non-financial corporations, 29.9% was employed in higher education and 4.7% was employed in general government including private non-profit sector as well in 2020.

The ratio of female R&D personnel was 31.9% in terms of full-time equivalent

The total number of female FTE R&D personnel was 63 thousand 655 in 2020 which constitutes 31.9% of total FTE R&D personnel. When the sectors were taken into consideration, the ratio of female FTE R&D personnel in financial and non-financial corporations was 26.0%. This was followed by the general government including the private non-profit sector by 30.1% and higher education by 45.1%.

32.1% of R&D personnel have a doctorate or equivalent education status

It was observed that 33.1% of the R&D personnel had a bachelor level or equivalent. This was followed by doctorate or equivalent with 32.1%, master or equivalent level with 24.6%, short-cycle tertiary education level with 5.1% and upper secondary education level and below with 5.1%. When the FTE R&D personnel were analyzed by education levels, bachelor level ranked first with 45.7%. This was followed by master or equivalent level with 21.4%, doctorate and equivalent level with 19.0%, short-cycle tertiary education level with 7.2% and upper secondary education level with 6.8%.

The highest R&D expenditure was in TR51 (Ankara) Region

According to Statistical Regions (SR) Level 2, R&D expenditure in 2020 was the highest in TR51 (Ankara) region with 32.5%, this region was followed by TR10 (İstanbul) region by 25.6% and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) region by 10.6%.

According to number of R&D personnel, TR10 (İstanbul) region was in the first place with 29.0% share. This region was followed by TR51 (Ankara) region with 19.3% and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) region with 7.7%.

55.9% of R&D expenditures of financial and non-financial corporations were made in R&D centers

55.9% of the 35 billion 623 million TRY R&D expenditures made by financial and non-financial corporations in 2020 was realized in R&D centers. When the enterprises that are conducting R&D activities in R&D centers were analyzed according to the number of employees, it was seen that 85.2% of the R&D expenditures made in R&D centers were made by enterprises with 250 or more employees.

Most of the R&D expenditure was made by enterprises with hi-tech activities

When the enterprises that carry out R&D activities in the manufacturing industry are classified according to their technology levels, it was seen that 44.7% of the 20 billion 333 million TRY R&D expenditures made in the manufacturing industry in 2020 was made by the enterprises involved in high technology activities. This rate was 35.3% in 2015. Of the total R&D expenditure in the manufacturing industry, 40.4% was made by enterprises in medium-high technology activity, 9.2% by enterprises in medium-low technology activity, and 5.7% by enterprises in low-tech activity.

Distribution of R&D expenditures in the manufacturing industry by technology level, 2009-2020

When the number of researchers in the enterprises carrying out R&D activities in the manufacturing industry was examined, it was seen that the highest number of researchers were employed by enterprises carrying out medium-high technology activities with 21 thousand 206 people in 2020. This was followed by the employment of 14 thousand 657 researchers by enterprises carrying out high-tech activities. When the number of researchers in terms of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) is taken into account, it was seen that the highest number of researchers were employed by enterprises carrying out medium-high technology activities with 19 thousand 298.

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